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May 27
0

Are you set to get the best State Pension deal?

By | Pensions

The State Pension is the money you get from the Government to provide you with an income in retirement. This might sound straightforward enough but the system is actually quite complex.

The system can be a bit of a minefield but it’s important to understand it as your State Pension entitlement could have a big impact on your future retirement lifestyle.

In this article, we will briefly cover how the State Pension works, how to calculate the level of State Pension you are likely to receive in retirement and ways in which you could get a better deal from the Government.

What is the State Pension?

State Pension rules changed in April 2016 which made them more difficult to understand. Before this happened, people received a “basic” State Pension when they reached retirement age and in some cases, certain individuals received an “additional” State Pension.

So, if you reached retirement age before April 2016 then in the 2019-20 financial year, the basic State Pension making its way to your account should be £129.20.

If, however, you are set to retire after April 2016, your State Pension will operate under the new rules and you should receive a “single-tier” State Pension when you reach retirement age (sometimes referred to as “new State Pension”).

In 2019-20, the amount you receive under the full, new State Pension is £168.60 (about £8,767.20 per year). We highlight the word “full” because you may not actually receive this amount as it is dependent on your personal circumstances.

If, for example, you have not built up 35 years of qualifying National Insurance contributions (NICs) then you are unlikely to receive the maximum £168.60 available. On the other hand, if you have accumulated an “Additional State Pension” then you may well receive more than this.

It is worth mentioning briefly that it has not been possible to build up any additional state pension (sometimes called the “Second State Pension” or “State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme”) after April 2016. However, you may have prior to this date, as you approach your retirement age after 2016.

You might be wondering what your “retirement age” is (i.e. the point where you can start claiming your State Pension). In 2019-20 it is between 65 and 66 for everybody which is set to increase in future years. So, for instance, in 2028 it will be 67 and by 2039 it will have risen further to 68.

How much will I get?

As mentioned above, how much money you get from the Government in retirement depends on a range of factors, including:

-Whether you reached retirement age before April 2016. Certain groups of people get more, or less, than others under the old system compared to the new one.
-How many years of NICs you have built up (remember, you need at last 35 to get the full, new State Pension).
-Your pension credit status. This an extra, means-tested source of income for retired people who are struggling financially. You must meet certain criteria to be able to claim this benefit, which we will come to below.
-Any Additional State Pension you may have accumulated.

The other important thing to remember is that to get any kind of State Pension, you must have at least 10 years of qualifying NICs.

How to get a better State Pension deal

Clearly, if you are still working and will be for a good few more years, then one important way to get the best pension deal is to make sure you build up at least 10 years of NICs throughout your employment.

Better still, try to meet the 35 qualifying years to ensure you become entitled to the full, new State Pension when you reach your state retirement age. In general, those in full time employment earning over £166 a week should be making NICs automatically via their employer, under the Pay-As-You-Earn system (PAYE).

Looking forward, it may well be that you will fall short of the 35 years’ worth of NICs through your future employment. Should this be the case, it is possible to “top up” some of your previous years where you did not make a qualifying year (e.g. because you lived abroad), by making voluntary NICs. Another option could be to consider deferring your whole State Pension, which can sometimes result in you receiving a higher income from the Government when you do eventually claim it.

You can check for gaps in your NI record on the government’s website.

For expectant parents, you may be wondering what could happen to your NICs if one or both of you intend to take time off work to look after your child.

This situation can become quite complicated but generally speaking, if you are over the age of 16 and your child is less than 12 years of age, you should receive “Class 3 National Insurance credits” if you are receiving Child Benefit. These credits allow you to fill gaps in your NI record, even if you are not working.

Another option couples may wish to consider is making voluntary NICs on behalf of a spouse or partner so they can build up their own full new State Pension record.

Final thoughts

We hope this has helped with the basic aspects of the State Pension which may affect you but there is a lot more to consider when factoring your State Pension into your overall retirement plan so please do get in touch if you wish to explore this further.

May 27
0

Is it ever too late to start investing?

By | Uncategorised

It is fair to say that conventional wisdom states you should start saving as early as possible for your retirement. The reality, of course, isn’t always the case.

For many of us, “life” gets in the way of investing in our twenties and thirties. Salaries tend to be low for most people as they embark on their careers, and the cost of rent (assuming you live away from home) can be a big drain on what little money you have coming in.

During this stage in your life, what little you have to save, you understandably might want to put towards a house deposit rather than a pension. By the time you are on the housing ladder, perhaps you are in your thirties and you now have the cost of a family taking over.

As a result, it isn’t uncommon for people to reach their forties and suddenly think: “I should probably start thinking about retirement!” At this point, of course, many of us hear the message that we “should have started saving in our twenties” and wonder if it’s all too late.

Naturally, the ideal scenario would be to start putting money aside as early as possible but it is certainly never too late to start investing and saving for your future life after work.

In this article, we’re going to suggest some ways to “catch up” on your retirement savings if you have missed out on previous years. This content is for information purposes only and is not financial advice, so best to speak to us further for specific guidance on your own situation.

Look at the positives

Whilst you might feel disheartened that you didn’t start saving sooner, consider the strengths of your current position. In your forties, for instance, your salary is likely to be much higher than it was when you first started working in your twenties. This means you have more money to potentially commit towards a pension if you have spare funds available.

Also, it is quite likely that your outgoings are not as high as they could be. Admittedly, you will have a mortgage or rent to pay, and possibly children to look after. However, for many people, the children are older at this point, which allows more freedom for two parents to work and increase their household income.

Moreover, if you are now on the property ladder then you presumably no longer need to save for a deposit, which was previously hindering your ability to build up your pension in your twenties.

Take a look at the longer-term picture. The reality is, most of us are now living longer, which means we all are likely to need larger pension savings compared to previous generations. However, it also means that you could still have more decades in which to build up your pension pot.

For instance, if you recently turned forty years old, then your retirement age (under the current system) is likely to be sixty-eight, which gives you potentially twenty-eight years of work, during which time you can build up your retirement savings. This is a good length of time, assuming, of course, you are fortunate enough to remain in good health and in employment.

Draw up a plan

Let’s continue to assume that you are forty; that you have no retirement savings; that you have two children in full-time education and that you are slowly paying off your mortgage.

How much will you need in retirement, and how much will you need to start saving to get there?

Here, it is usually helpful to draw up a plan and perhaps discuss with a professional financial planner, who will be able to present you with some options. However, it’s also a good idea to start thinking about things yourself, to at least get you started.

Begin by looking at how much you are likely to need in retirement. A general benchmark is to assume that you will need at least £18,000 per year to cover the essentials, and at least £26,000 to live more comfortably in retirement.

So, how can you start to work towards this? Firstly, look at your State Pension. In 2019-20, the most this will give you is £168.60 (about £8,767.20 per year). To be eligible for this, you need at least thirty-five years of qualifying National Insurance Contributions (NICs).

Are both you and your spouse/partner on track to achieve the thirty-five qualifying years? Together, that would generate £17,534 per year in today’s money and achieves a large percentage of your target. (Bear in mind, however, that you cannot “inherit” your spouse’s/partner’s State Pension when they die, so this would dramatically reduce your retirement income from the Government).

For the rest, you will need to make up the difference with your own saving and investment plan. So next, look at your workplace pension.

Some employers offer very good pension schemes, which can enormously boost your retirement savings. Under Auto Enrolment rules, employers must contribute at least 3% of your eligible earnings towards your pension pot. You need to put in at least 5% of this yourself (of which 1% is made up of tax relief) making a total of 8% in pension contributions each year.

You will need to do some careful planning to see whether these current levels of contributions will get you to where you need to be in retirement.

For instance, 8% of a £40,000 annual salary, is £3,200. Broadly speaking, over say twenty-eight years, achieving an estimated 7% annual investment return, this would generate a £267,252.92 pension pot.

This sounds like a lot of money and it’s certainly a good start. However, it is quite likely that you will need significantly more to attain a comfortable retirement income, and also counter the eroding effects of inflation. If you would like help in devising a plan for the future, please do get in touch with us as we can help you cover all the necessary bases.

Apr 09
2

Inheritance Tax: How to Reduce the Bill

By | Financial Planning

Many families stand to lose more money to the Government through Inheritance Tax (IHT) than they really should. In 2016, £585 million was spent unnecessarily on IHT by British taxpayers. With IHT receipts expected to reach an all-time high in 2018, it seems unlikely that this trend will reverse in 2019.

Certainly, everyone should pay their fair share to society, but why should your loved ones lose out needlessly? At FAS we can help you to put sensible measures in place ahead of time to ensure that you, one day, leave a meaningful legacy to your family.

Here are some practical ways we can help you to reduce your IHT liability:

The Nil Rate Band & Additional Threshold

A new rule was introduced on 6 April 2017 which has had an important impact on IHT planning. It is something to consider if you have direct descendants.

To quickly recap, in 2019-20 Inheritance Tax (IHT) is levied at 40% on the value of your Estate over £325,000. This threshold is called the Nil Rate Band (NRB).

Your “Estate” includes assets such as your property, cars and personal possessions.

So, if your Estate is valued at £475,000 when you die, then £325,000 would be free of IHT. The rest of it – i.e. £150,000 – would likely be taxed at 40%, which means an IHT bill of £60,000.

Since 6 April 2017, however, an Additional Threshold (AT) has been in place which can reduce your tax bill. This new threshold allows you to pass on an extra £150,000 in 2019-20 to direct descendants (e.g. children or grandchildren) in the form of your residential property.

Let’s see how this would affect the example above. Suppose this person’s £475,000 Estate consists entirely of their home. Assuming they pass this property onto a direct descendant, the whole Estate would likely be free from Inheritance Tax. This is because it would fall under the combined thresholds (i.e. £325,000 NRB + £150,000 AT = £475,000 allowance).

Spouse / Civil Partner Benefits

Each person has their own Nil Rate Band and Additional Threshold. That means you have your own NRB and AT, and if you are married then your spouse does too (the same applies in civil partnerships).

When you combine these allowances together it means that you can effectively double the amount you can pass on to beneficiaries, Tax-free, via an Inheritance:

Person A: £325,000 NRB + £150,000 = £475,000
Person B: £325,000 NRB + £150,000 = £475,000

Total Tax-free allowance (2019-20) = £950,000

So, if you and your spouse / civil partner own a £900,000 home and pass it to your children when you die, then you should be able to do so, Tax-free, assuming everything is in order, and the remainder of your Estate is less than £50,000.

Remember, your unused allowances pass on to your spouse if you die before them. You do not need to both die at the same time to combine your NRB and AT allowances!

Bear in mind that you cannot combine your IHT allowances in this way if you and your partner are unmarried, or not in a civil partnership. This is the case even if you have lived together for a long time and have children.

Pension Planning

Pensions are primarily intended to provide you with an income when you retire. However, they can also be an important part of your IHT strategy.

Remember we mentioned that your “Estate” comprises assets such as your property, cars and personal possessions? Pensions are notably absent from that list.

That’s because your pension does not form part of your Estate for IHT purposes. So, if you have a £750,000 house and a £300,000 pension pot when you die, the former might be liable to Inheritance Tax. The latter will likely not be.

You can pass on your pension pot to your beneficiaries, Tax-free, if you die before the age of 75. If you die after that age then the pot still does not face IHT. However, your beneficiaries will have to add any money they receive from your pension to their income. That means that they could face a higher Income Tax bill.

With some careful financial planning, you can therefore potentially pass on more of your wealth to your loved ones via your pension pot(s). Please note that you cannot do this with Final Salary pensions or Defined Benefit pensions.

Making Gifts

The IHT rules in 2019-20 allow you to give away up to £3,000 per year, Tax-free. Think about that. Over five years that amounts to £15,000. Over fifteen years it totals £45,000.

You could ignore this allowance but consider that £45,000 taxed at 40% IHT amounts to £18,000 that could have otherwise gone to your family. So gift-making is not a strategy to dismiss lightly.

We can help you understand the current allowances and how they impact on you and your family. One annual exemption that is often missed is for wedding gifts. Here, you can give up to £5,000 (Tax-free) to your child for their wedding day (£2,500 for a grandchild or great-grandchild).

Other Options

The above examples are just a handful of tactics to consider when thinking about Estate planning for your beneficiaries. Other options which might be appropriate for you include using Trusts and taking out a Life Insurance policy.

The rules surrounding Inheritance Tax are quite complicated and are subject to change. You could easily miss an important consideration if you try doing everything yourself, especially if you have a large complex estate.

Please do get in touch if you wish to discuss any aspect of the above in more detail.

Apr 09
2

What Difference can a Diversified Portfolio make?

By | Investments

Investing can be an incredibly risky business if you do not know what you are doing.

The story of a Chinese farmer who invested his life savings in a local mining company illustrates the point perfectly. He lost $164,000 when the company failed. Not only that, but he went into debt to buy $1 million more stocks to recoup his losses.

Most of us can see the problem here and think we would never do something so foolish as to put all of our eggs in one basket. Yet many people do make investment mistakes, sometimes against their better judgement and sometimes without realising it.

This is where a diversified portfolio can help protect your wealth. By spreading your money across multiple asset classes and investment types, you can mitigate your losses whilst maintaining a steady level of growth over the long term.

Diversification: An Example

The 2008 financial crisis might seem long ago to some people. For many investors, however, the pain is still fresh. Some people lost as much as 30% of their portfolio value in one year.

Yet this period of recent history provides a valuable lesson about the importance of diversifying your investments. Those investors with bonds in their portfolios, for instance, fared the storm much better than those with fewer bond investments and higher levels of (UK) equities.

Some portfolios with over 60% (UK) equities lost over 20% of the value of their portfolio between the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2009. Those with over 60% bonds might have only made a minimal loss – or even none at all.

The point here is not to try and argue that it is better to invest in bonds rather than stocks. Remember, past performance is no guarantee of future returns. Also, each investment type brings its own potential risks and rewards. Stocks tend to be higher risk with higher potential return, whilst bonds tend to carry lower risk and lower potential return.

Rather, the point is to show the importance of diversifying your investment portfolio. Had an investor put all of their money into (UK) equities during the 2008 financial crisis, their portfolio would have almost certainly taken an unbearable hit. However, by having investments spread out across different kinds of stocks, bonds and other assets, you lower your risk levels and minimise potential damage.

A Diversified Portfolio: Common Components

Domestic equities

Equities are sometimes also called “shares” or “stocks”. Here, you buy a degree of ownership in a company or set of companies in order to gain an investment return (e.g. on their profits). For the British investor, domestic equities refer to your investments in UK companies and typically form an important part of your portfolio.

At the time of writing, large numbers of UK stocks have been sold off in light of Brexit. This might sound like a bad thing for investors, but it could actually present them with some new opportunities to make a return.

However, the uncertainty surrounding Brexit should serve as a warning to not put all of your investments into one country’s equities, where they will be subject to the health, nature and effects of that single economy.

International equities

One way to diversify the equities in your portfolio is to buy shares in companies outside the UK. For instance, you might invest in funds which buy shares in the USA, Western Europe or even across the world. Certain funds might focus on a particular region such as technology companies in East Asia.

International equities can be a great way to spread your investment risk and leverage opportunities outside of the domestic market. However, they can be subject to currency fluctuations which can impact the value of your invest – even if you make a return. So, once again, it is a good idea to spread your investments out rather than just invest in these equities.

Bonds

Bonds are essentially a kind of “IOU” and are generally seen as less-risky than equities. For instance, you can buy a UK government bond and you be fairly confident that they will eventually pay the principal back with interest.

Due to their lower level of investment risk, bonds generally provide a lower investment return compared to equities. Therefore, they offer less growth potential for investors looking to expand their wealth, but are an attractive “insurance policy” against market dips and are a useful tool for investors to protect wealth as they approach retirement.

Property

Quite often a portfolio will also include investments in property in the UK, and possibly abroad. One common approach is for investors to put some of their money into REITs (Real-Estate Investment Trusts), which allows them to buy commercial property using pooled funds with other investors.

REITs and other real estate investments can offer some strong returns, but they also carry their own risks. Looking at Brexit once again, the uncertainty here has raised a lot of questions about the future of the UK property market and house prices. So, the rule of diversification applies.

Constructing a Diversified Portfolio

When building a diversified investment portfolio, you should consider the tax efficiency of your investments, as well as some of the popular investment platforms. However, building a solid investment portfolio which meets your needs and appropriately diversifies is not easy.

At FAS, we ensure you make informed choices about how to invest your money whilst taking into account charges and taxation, as well reducing investment risk without necessarily hampering growth potential!

Apr 09
0

Better to stay in the Market than try to time it

By | Investments

Markets can be intimidating beasts. They go up and they go down. Some people profit through their investments whilst others lose money.

How is an investor supposed to approach this picture? Should you put your money into markets given the risks involved? If so, how much should you commit and what should you invest it in?

Moreover, when should you put it in and when should you take it out? Should you withdraw your money as markets are falling or during periods of volatility to try and curb your losses?

This latter question is the one we want to focus on here. This is known as “timing the market” and, generally speaking, it is a bad idea.

It might seem counter-intuitive, but it is ultimately better to stay in the market for a long period of time rather than trying to time it. Here’s why:

The Difficulty of Prediction

If you are already investing, remember why you invested in the first place.

It might be because you wanted to build up enough money for a comfortable retirement one day. Markets can be a great way to achieve that. Consider, for instance, that equities in the UK have grown by 5% on average each year since 1900.

However, you likely knew that it wouldn’t be plain sailing when you first started investing. The very nature of markets is that they stop and start. They bring short-term risks but also the potential of longer-term growth.

Consistently predicting the short-term dips and troughs is incredibly difficult, if not impossible. Think about the number of variables involved leading up to a market crash or substantial rise. There are human decisions made within governments and companies, which themselves are very hard to anticipate. Then there are local and world events which come down to bear.

Trying to see the near-future in this ever-shifting puzzle (where new pieces are constantly thrown into the mix) is clearly beyond normal human capacity, although this does not stop lots of stock brokers from trying!

It is very hard to see a market fall coming and pull your money out to protect it in time. In fact, trying to time the market in this way can really cost you both in the short and long term…

The Cost of Getting it Wrong

Consider for a moment what might happen if you missed some of the best days on the stock market because you pulled your money out at the wrong time.

One study actually tried to demonstrate this for the FTSE 250. It showed that if you invested £1,000 in 1987 and left it there for three decades it would be worth £24,686.

However, if during that time you put your money in and pulled it out, missing the FTSE 250’s best 30 days, then the money would be worth £6,878. That’s a difference of £17,808.

When you spread out the annual return over the thirty-year period, you would have seen an 11.3% return if you had kept your money in the FTSE 250.

Had you missed the best ten days it would be 9.3%. Had you missed twenty of them, it would be 7.9% and if you missed all thirty days it would be 6.6%.

These percentages might seem small, but over thirty years the difference amounts to a lot of money due to the nature of compound interest. There might be just 4.7% between 11.3% and 6.6%, for example, but remember that represents £17,808 in the above scenario.

In other words, rather than trying to time the markets it is almost always better to stay put and aim for longer term growth.

Should I invest now?

The answer to that question depends on your own financial circumstances. At the time of writing, it might be tempting to think that you should not invest right now given uncertainties surrounding the U.S.-China trade war and Brexit.

However, this is not necessarily a reason not to invest. Historically, some of the best investment returns have happened during times of great economic challenge.

One sensible way to protect yourself from short-term market dips and shocks is through “pound cost averaging”. Very simply, this means that you put your money into the markets gradually rather than in one bulk.

So rather than putting £20,000 straight away into stocks (which might then suddenly go down) you could put £2,000 into stocks over a 10-month period, reducing your risk exposure. It might mean that you actually end up making a better return in the long run, because you could end up buying more stocks at a cheaper price during a market dip. If these then rise in value down the line then you actually will have gained a higher investment return because of the dip. Conversely, of course, you could lose out on gains if the markets continue to rise during your phasing period.

Investment Tips

Unfortunately, you cannot completely shield yourself from short-term investment risks and market falls. However, there are some tactics you can use to increase your chances of gaining a higher investment return over the long-term:

    Diversify your investments across a range of stocks, funds and asset classes. That way, if one company or market falls your other investments will help balance the risk.
    Invest sooner rather than later. Remember the power of compounding. £10,000 invested over ten years produces about £16,288 at a 5% annual return. Over twenty years it gives you about £26,532. Over thirty is gives you about £43,219. Over forty years, you are potentially looking at £70,399.
    Take advantage of ISAs and other tax allowances to make sure you keep as much of your investment returns for yourself as possible.
    Stay in the market. Remember the potential costs of missing the best investment days because you incorrectly timed the market.
Apr 09
43

Scams & Unregulated Investments: Update & Warning

By | Pensions

You have spent years building your wealth to support your family and lifestyle. It would be a great shame to lose it to scammers, unscrupulous businesses and high-risk investments.

Yet every year that is exactly what happens. Since 2014 at least £42 million has disappeared from people’s pension pots due to fraud. Worryingly, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) says this is likely to be a fraction of the scale of the problem.

Safeguarding your hard-earned family wealth is one of our top priorities at FAS. In this guide, we are going to shed light on some of the latest scams so that you are armed with more knowledge to protect yourself.

The two main areas we will cover are pension scams and unregulated investments.

Pension Scams: What to Watch For

The UK government finally made cold calling about pensions illegal in January 2019 – after years of consultation. This is a welcome move.

This new law was brought in due to pensioners receiving fraudulent calls. People who were tricked by these calls lost, on average, about £91,000 in 2018 and some were even left penniless in retirement.

Despite the ban, however, there are still companies making unsolicited calls to people in the UK about their pension. Sometimes these businesses are based off-shore, far away from the reach of prosecution under British law. So you still need to be careful.

Please note that pension scams do not merely come in the form of unsolicited phone calls about your pension. They can also involve unexpected texts, emails or social media messages.

Be especially wary if you are in your 40s, 50s or 60s as these are prime targets for scammers.

As a general guide:

    Be immediately suspicious of any company that contacts you out of the blue about your pension(s). End the call if you do not recognise them.
    If a caller claims that they can help you access your pension before the age of 55, then it is almost certainly a scam. End the call and do not give out any personal information.
    Should a caller try to pressure you into acting quickly (due to a time-sensitive “offer”) then do not proceed any further with the conversation. Authorised Financial Planners are not allowed to pressure you into important financial decisions, so a stranger on the phone is certainly not allowed to either!
    If you are promised a deal which sounds too good to be true, then it almost certainly is. The main scam to watch out for here are promises of high investment returns with little-to-no investment risk. Almost always, investments with the potential for higher returns also carry a higher level of risk.
    Be wary of anyone offering a free pension review. This might be an attempt by a fraudulent person to access your financial information.

If the company you are speaking to is not FCA-authorised, then you should certainly not entertain a conversation with the caller. Either check the FCA register for the company name if you are at all uncertain about who you are dealing with or contact us.

Remember, a company is only allowed to contact you about your pension if they are FCA regulated and they have an existing relationship with you.

Unregulated Investments: Be on the Lookout

The tactics and issues surrounding pension scams are very similar to the dangers posed by people who try to sell you unregulated investments.

If someone contacts you unexpectedly about a “great investment” opportunity, and you have never spoken to them about it before, then you need to be very careful.

Generally speaking, we would urge you to end the conversation as soon as possible. Make sure you do not give away any personal information over the phone and try to record the name of the business that the caller claims to represent.

Remember, a company must be regulated by the FCA to provide the vast majority of financial services in the UK. If the business is not regulated, then you know not to deal with them further.

However, there is a chance that a caller might indeed represent an FCA-registered firm, but they are trying to sell you an “unregulated product”.

These financial products are high-risk and are not covered by the FCA’s rules or the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. That means you are unlikely to get any money back if you invest in the product and things go awry.

Once again, resist any claims which sound too good to be true (i.e. high returns and low / no investment risk) as well as any pressure to make quick decisions.

Be especially wary if the investment “opportunity” concerns bamboo, hotels, cryptocurrency or storage as these are unregulated products. For a full list of unregulated products, please see the FCA website here.

The Value of a Financial Planner

If there’s one valuable service that a good Financial Planner can provide, it is to give you a reliable “sounding board” and “firewall” against potential scams like the above.

Should someone contact you out of the blue about your pension or an investment opportunity, then you can ask us about it. We will be able to quickly detect whether or not it was a scam and advise you accordingly.

The value of a long-term, trusting relationship with a Financial Planner cannot be understated. It is certainly more reliable than someone you do not know, contacting you unexpectedly, offering grandiose promises and pressuring you to act against your best instincts!

If you are concerned about a recent call, email or message you received then please get in touch.

Feb 15
0

Diversification is Key

By | Investments

What makes gambling different from investing? If pushed for an answer, we would say that one of the key differences is “diversification.”

In other words, the former is primarily about rolling the dice on one hoped-for outcome, based mainly on chance. The latter, however, involves spreading your money out across many different asset types and classes which you reasonably expect to grow.

Images can sometimes present investing in a way which makes it look like gambling. Many of us are familiar with the hectic scenes of traders shouting and running around on the floors of the stock exchanges, buying and selling manically.

Prudent investing, however, is far removed from this image. Rather than putting all of your money into the fate of one company (such as Facebook or Amazon) and hoping it grows, you minimise your risk by putting your money into many different investments.

This way, if one or even several of your investments fail, your other investments should help carry you through and minimise your losses.

An example of diversification in action

When you look at different countries, you may notice that certain countries seem to be more vulnerable to economic shocks than others. This is partly because, like investors who do not spread out their investments, these countries are putting their “economic eggs” in one basket.

For instance, many countries hinge their economies on an important resource which they can produce and trade – such as oil, or coffee. When these commodities do well, their economies boom. When demand for the commodity falls, however, it can cause a huge deficit.

This is one reason why countries often seek to diversify their economies, so they are not reliant on one particular commodity, product or service in order to grow (e.g. manufacturing). Similarly, a wise investor will recognise that by diversifying their investments, they protect themselves from investment “shocks” whilst continuing to benefit from positive performance from other assets.

For instance, suppose you have two investors. Investor A has an investment portfolio (i.e. a set of investments) comprising 100% stocks (i.e. shares in various companies). Investor B, however, has a portfolio comprising 50% stocks and 50% bonds (we’ll come onto this later).

When the stock market experiences a dip or shock, which investor should fare better throughout the storm? Investor B should lose less money than investor A, because his/her bond investments should continue to deliver an investment return even as his/her stocks decline.

Different asset types

Another analogy sometimes used for diversification is the modern military.

Advanced military nations such as the USA, UK, France and Russia all have a range of defence assets at their disposal including infantry, mechanised vehicles (e.g. tanks), air power, naval units and cyber warfare technology.

These different military “assets” exist not just to counter different threats on the battlefield within a theatre of war. Each asset also exists in order to support the other. For instance, armoured vehicles and airpower assets are used to protect infantry during assaults.

Investing can also be conceived in a somewhat similar way. Just as military assets support one another, investment assets can “cover” and “carry through” other assets which might struggle on their own within particular market contexts. For instance, when your commodity investments are declining in value it might be your stocks which keep your investment portfolio moving forward.

Let’s take a quick look at some important asset classes you can include in your portfolio…

Cash

One of the most familiar types of investments, cash investments, are usually seen as lower risk but also tend to carry a lower investment return.

For instance, up to £85,000 of your cash in recognised UK Building Societies and Banks will be protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

However, many cash investments deliver a poor investment return due to low interest rates, which are largely eclipsed by inflation.

Shares

Sometimes these are called “equities”, and they refer to the stake(s) you have in one or more companies. For instance, you could invest directly in the shares of one company (which is very high risk). Or, you could put your money into an “investment fund” (e.g. a Unit Trust) together with a range of other investors. This fund would then invest this money into a collection of select companies. This is lower risk, because if one company in the fund declines or fails the others should help to keep the overall value of the fund growing.

Property

Many of us are familiar with the idea of house “flipping” – which involves buying a house and later selling it at a profit (often after a period of household improvements).

However, other lower-risk investment opportunities exist when it comes to property. For instance, you might invest in property funds – which are similar to the “share” funds described above, except in this case the investment money is put into residential or commercial property.

Property can be a great investment, but it does carry risk and you also face the issue of your money not being easily accessible once it is invested into property. If you need the money quickly, you might need to wait a lot longer than you would have otherwise liked.

Bonds

When you need money from the bank you can sometimes get a loan. This involves the bank giving you money provided you pay it back over time, with interest (so they make a profit).

In a similar way, you can “lend” your own money to companies and governments through bonds. So, if you buy a UK government bond you are effectively loaning money to them.

The idea is that, over time, you get the principle back as well as interest payments. These investments are generally seen as lower risk (particularly UK government bonds because they have a reputation for paying people back). However, the more reliable the bond-issuer the lower the investment return tends to be, because the risk is lower.

Bonds are usually a vital part of an investment portfolio, because they provide a solid investment foundation and “buffer” in the event that your other investments fall in value.

Feb 14
0

The Value of Global Equity Investing

By | Investments

There are many different funds available to the mindful investor, each offering their own respective pros and cons. Some are better than others.

The difficulty is, it can all get a bit confusing if you aren’t familiar with the terrain. One example is global equity investing. What is it, and how does it help your portfolio?

In this article, we’ll be defining what global equity investing is and why we feel it’s important to consider this when constructing investment portfolios.

Global equity investing: an overview

To get one part of the definition out of the way, “equities” is a term often used for “stocks” which are shares in a company that are typically traded on the stock market.

You can invest in equities (or stocks) individually, by picking a specific company and buying one or more of its shares. This might be a UK-based company, in which case you would be buying a domestic equity.

The other common, less-risky route is to invest in equity funds. This is where you pool your money with other investors into a collection of companies. If the companies are based in the UK, then the fund can fairly be described as a domestic / UK equity fund.

If the fund comprises of businesses which are based abroad, however, then the fund is no longer domestic and might take on another name. For instance, if the companies are based in Western Europe then the fund’s name might be “Western Europe Equity fund”.

Accordingly, a fund comprising businesses from developing countries might be termed a “developing world equities fund”. It might even pick other companies to join the fund, provided they are companies which are based in what is commonly-accepted as “the developing world.”

This is where global equity investing starts to come to the fore. Global equity investing is where you include investments in businesses from outside the UK into your portfolio. As such, a global equity investment fund therefore can pick businesses from across the world.

What’s the value of global equity investing?

The main benefit of a global equity investment fund is that it is not limited to the domestic or regional market when it comes to asset selection. Instead, it can pick the most attractive markets – and stocks – from across the world and include them.

As many people know, certain regions or parts of the world excel in particular sectors of the market. Switzerland, for instance, has a strong reputation for banking and drugs manufacturing. Australia is renowned for its mining businesses. The UK, USA and Israel are making a name for themselves in cyber security, and parts of Asia are excellent for technology.

The manager of a global equity investment fund can survey the world’s markets and pick the strongest companies from the strongest sectors. In addition, fund managers can identify the sectors of the global economy which historically perform better at certain times of year, and tailor their fund planning/strategy accordingly.

The downsides

As always when it comes to investing, it is important to consider the risks as well as the positives when looking at global equity investing.

One risk to factor is currency fluctuations. For instance, a strong pound against foreign currencies (e.g. the dollar or yen) will result in lower international stock values when these are converting into pounds.

Another risk is the potentially higher volatility (i.e. swings up and down) experienced by certain international stock markets. China and Venezuela, for instance, have often shown themselves to be more volatile markets than Germany or France.

Balancing global equity investments

Many people can get nervous about global equity investing, particularly due to “home bias”. This refers to investors’ natural tendency to invest in stocks from their home country, even when faced with strong evidence that diversifying abroad would bring great benefit.

An important balance needs to be achieved by the wise investor. On the one hand, you do not want to take needless, excessive risk when investing in overseas markets and businesses. On the other hand, you do not want to miss out on some great potential returns that are often hard to achieve elsewhere.

When it comes to discerning how to integrate global equities into your investment portfolio, this is where we come in. As experienced Financial Planners we can identify the risks and opportunities, as well as having the resources and means available to construct a solid investment strategy for you.

In 2014, Vanguard delivered some fascinating research. It showed that in 2013, nearly 50% of the global equity market resided in the United States. Yet at the same time, mutual fund managers in the U.S. held only 27% of their equity allocation in funds not domiciled in the U.S.

Certainly this illustrates the subject of “home bias” quite nicely. Yet it also brings an important issue to the fore. Investors who concentrate their investments in their domestic market (e.g. the U.S. or UK) are arguably taking a big risk, because they are subjecting all of their equities to domestic economic and market forces.

If that domestic economy declines or even crashes, then all of the equities in that investment portfolio are exposed. If, however, an appropriate amount of global equities are incorporated into the mix, then these equities will likely not be as affected.

Indeed, the Vanguard research cited earlier even suggests that adding a prudent amount of global equities can reduce the volatility of an investment portfolio. That said, this is not an objective fact and all investment portfolios are different. Indeed, two investment portfolios will likely perform differently within the same time period, even with a similar percentage of global equities comprising the mix.

Feb 13
0

Financial Planning for 2019: What to Expect & Do

By | Financial Planning

With 2018 now over and January ushering in a season of New Year’s resolutions, now is a great time to become aware of some important financial announcements for the months ahead.

We recommend that you factor these into your financial planning. In light of this, here are some of the key highlights you should know about for 2019:

Help to Buy ISA

Set up by the government to help people get onto the property ladder, 2019 is the final year that it will be available. From the 30th November, the scheme will be shut down to new entrants.

To quickly recap what this ISA offers, it allows you to put aside £200 per month (tax-free) – with the government putting an additional 25% towards your property purchase when it is finalised.

With the imminent conclusion of this scheme, you may wish to consider discussing this with us soon, if you think the Help to Buy ISA might be for you. Of course, once it is gone then you might want to consider the Lifetime ISA as an alternative.

A Lifetime ISA allows you to save more towards a property (up to £4,000 per year) but there are fewer accounts on offer compared to the market for Help to Buy ISAs.

Help to Save

This little-known initiative was launched by the government in September 2018, and is certainly worth a look if you meet the eligibility criteria (e.g. Crown Servants and members of the Armed Forces). Essentially, this scheme allows you to put £1-£50 per month into a Help to Save account over four years. For each £1 you put in, the government will put in an extra 50p.

If you put aside £50 each month into this account for four years then not only would you have £2,400 saved. You would also have an extra £1,200 from the government.

Income Tax & Pay

The Personal Allowance is the threshold where after you start to pay the Basic Rate of Income Tax (20%). In 2018-19 this is currently £11,850, but from April 2019 this will rise to £12,500.

Moreover, at this time Higher Rate taxpayers will also soon be taxed at 40% on earnings over £50,000 (instead of £46,350). The minimum wage is also set to rise from £7.83 to £8.21.

Be aware that National Insurance contributions will also be rising to 12% on earnings between £46,350 to £50,000. Many Higher Rate taxpayers might find their Personal Allowance increase wiped out by this.

Pension contributions

Whilst many people are set to pay less Income Tax, those who are part of an Auto Enrolment Scheme might not see this reflected very much in their take-home pay from 6th April 2019.

From this date, the minimum employees must contribute towards their pension will be 5% instead of the current 3%. You can choose to opt out, of course. However, we urge you to think carefully before doing so as this money might be very useful for your retirement financial plan.

On the subject of pensions, recipients of the State Pension should also note that this will rise by 2.6% from April. This means the basic State Pension will go up to £129.20 and the flat-rate State Pension (i.e. for those who retired after April 2016) will go up to £168.20.

The Lifetime Allowance will also be rising from £1,030,000 to £1,055,000, in line with CPI inflation.

Rising railway fares

One unfortunate development for commuters in 2019 is the rise in rail fares by 3.1% from 2018. If you have an annual season ticket from Manchester to Liverpool, for instance, then this means you’ll likely be paying an extra £100.

Confronted with this situation, for young adults it’s worth keeping an eye out for developments on the proposed 26-30 Railcard. Similar to the 16-25 Railcard, the current proposal is that members would pay £30 in order to receive a third off certain rail fares for a 12-month period.

For people outside of these age brackets, you might consider the 60+ Senior Railcard if you have not already done so. There is also the Two Together Railcard if you travel as a couple, or the Family and Friends Railcard for those travelling with children aged 5-15.

Buy-to-let changes

If you are a landlord, then from 6th April 2019 you should be aware of a key change to the rules which might affect you (Higher Rate taxpayers should take special note).

In 2018-19, you can claim tax relief on 50% of your mortgage interest payments. However, in the upcoming financial year this will go down to 25%. By 2020-21 this will reduce completely to zero. For some people, this might push you up into the Higher Rate tax bracket.

Inheritance tax

From 6th April, although the standard Nil Rate Band (i.e. the threshold where afterwards your Estate faces a 40% inheritance tax bill) will not be going up, the overall threshold for your Estate may be higher if you own a residential property.

You will still be eligible to pass on up to £325,000, tax-free, yet you will also be able to pass on an extra £150,000, if your share of a property goes to your spouse or direct descendants. (An increase of £25,000).

Be aware, however, that if your Estate is worth over £2 million then this additional Residence Nil Rate Band allowance will go down by £1 for each £2 you are over the threshold.

Feb 12
0

End of Year Tax Planning

By | Financial Planning

As 6th April approaches we inevitably face a transition into new rules within the UK’s tax regime. For those looking to optimise their tax position, what forward planning can you do?

New thresholds

In our previous article, we have already talked about how the Personal Allowance is set to rise from £11,850 in 2018-19 to £12,500 from 6th April 2019. This follows a general rise in the Personal Allowance over the past 5 years. In 2012-13, for instance, it stood at just over £8,000.

In practical terms, this means that Basic Rate taxpayers can expect to take home an extra £130 in 2019-20. Higher Rate taxpayers will also see the Higher Rate threshold rise to £50,000, which amounts to an additional £860 for 2019-20.

However, working age employees will also face a 12% National Insurance contribution on earnings between £46,350 and £50,000. For Higher Rate taxpayers, therefore, the rise in their threshold will be offset to some degree. From April 2020, both the Basic and Higher Rate thresholds will be frozen and then will rise with inflation from April 2021.

Please bear in mind that the above only applies in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Residents in Scotland face different rules due to the devolution of tax policy.

Capital Gains

Another important change for the 2019-20 financial year is the planned rise in the Personal Allowance for Capital Gains Tax (CGT). From April 6th, the threshold will rise to £12,000 – allowing you generate £300 more in profits before you are liable to Capital Gains Tax.

Similarly to the Personal Allowance for Income Tax, this gradual rise in the Capital Gains Allowance follows a broad trend since 2014-15 when it stood at £11,000.

The important thing to remember with this aspect of taxation is that losses you make on sales can be offset against your capital gains for tax purposes.

Please remember also, that different CGT rates apply to different people, depending on the asset in question and your Income Tax bracket. For instance, Basic Rate taxpayers pay 18% on property capital gains whilst for Higher Rate taxpayers it is 28%.

Lettings Relief

The system governing Lettings Relief is also set to be changed. (This is the system which previously allowed you to let out and live in your home whilst avoiding CGT).

The new plans are not set fully in stone yet, and are expected to be implemented in 2020. However, the essential thrust of it seems to be that Lettings Relief will only be available if you are a landlord inhabiting your property with a lodger.

The final period relief will also be cut down from 18 months to 9 (unless you are in a care home or disabled, in which case the present period of 36 months should remain in place).

At the moment, the total Lettings Relief you can claim is the lowest of either:

• £40,000;
• The total you can claim for private residence relief;
• The amount you generate from letting out the relevant part of your home.

Bear all of this in mind if you are considering expanding your investment portfolio into property. We recommend consulting with us before making any important decisions in this area.

You should also consult if you previously lived in a property and then rented it out. It is possible that these new plans will present you with a higher CGT bill.

Personal savings

You have been allowed to grow your cash, tax-free, through interest on your savings since April 2016 when the Personal Savings Allowance was introduced.

Essentially, this means that you can earn up to £1,000 per year in interest without it being taxed on the Basic Rate (if you are a Basic Rate taxpayer). For Higher Rate earners you can earn up to £500 interest per year without tax, after which any interest will be taxed at 40%.

Be mindful that interest you earn on your savings can sometimes push you into a higher tax bracket. For instance, suppose in 2018-2019 your salary earned up to £46,350, therefore putting your income in the Basic Rate. Suppose also that the interest on your savings took you into the Higher Rate.

In this case, you would only be allowed a £500 personal savings allowance. This would mean that the rest of the interest would be taxed at 40%. If you think this might affect you, do also remember that the Higher Rate threshold will rise to £50,000 in 2019-2020.

This means that in an example like the above, you might not be tipped into the Higher Rate if the example were to occur in the 2019-20 tax year. If you are at all unsure about your own situation, please speak to us.

Allowances

If you are married and at least one of you was born before 6 April 1935, then you are likely eligible for the Married Couple’s Allowance. This is set to increase to £8,915.

Another important area of allowances to highlight is that spouses and civil partners will be able to transfer £1,250 of their Personal Savings Allowance to their spouse or civil partner, provided that neither of you pay above the Basic Rate of Income Tax after the transfer is complete.

The key takeaway here is that, if you can legitimately shift income from a Higher Rate Tax paying spouse/civil partner to one on the Basic Rate (or none), then it would be sensible to explore this in more depth.